While some stick and poke, tattoos can last for over ten years. So here are the steps to doing a stick and poke tattoo by yourself in a safe and non-messy manner: 1. And of course, now that machine tattooing is more socially. 821 followers. Some stick and pokes will fade quicker than others if they were done incorrectly or unprofessionally. Club Tattoo is one shop that calls for respect as the artistry here is way above common. In this course, I will cover all you need to know to be able to do your very own hand poked tattoo. Today's top Stick & Poke Tattoo Kit offer is Receive 20% Off With Stick And Poke Tattoo Kit Code. Of course, I'm working in a tattoo shop now, so it's super different. If they want to be licensed they need to get an apprenticeship like anyone else. Solong Professional Tattoo Poke and Stick Tattoo Kit: Most Trusted Brand. The global canvas of stick and poke tattoos is vibrant and varied. (5,300 years old!) was discovered to have 61 tattoos all over his body. This method is to lighten the tattoo first with the help of honey and aloe vera. Ferank Manseed ( Facebook ), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK. Hygiene &. Duration: 3 hours, 1 minute. These tattoos are often dainty and minimalist and are gaining popularity for their unique, one-of-a. Instagram. This stick is then used to aim at the skin and carefully poke. The artist applies a stencil of the design to the skin. You can make your first tattoo yourself. High quality and sterile stick and poke ink will. Tattoo design, equipment and sterilisation, stencils, tattoo technique and aftercare. ACCOUNT ; My Cart ; Home; Tattoo Kits. Make sure to remove any oils or lotions that may be on the skin. Learn Tattooing under the wing of the Best Tattoo Artist in Bangalore Veer Hegde. “I looked up. These include personal physiology, pain tolerance, the technique of the tattoo artist, etc. It offers more control, so is perfect for beginners. Obviously, homemade tattoos will be riskier than those done in studios. Compared to machine tattoos, stick and poke tattoos are usually small and simple, meaning they normally heal faster and often won’t leave a scab if taken care of properly. She's into it but warned me that without a license it's actually not legal to stick and poke yourself or others and you can be fined up to like $2500, is that true? This tattoo artist course covers everything from the setting of tables to the type of needles and the final execution of a tattoo design. Stick & Poke Tattoos Also Fade Faster . Continual Learning and Experimentation: Stick and poke tattooing is an art form that can be refined and perfected with practice. Solong Professional Tattoo Hand Poke and Stick Tattoo Kit. Additionally, the ink used also matters. Wash the stick and poke tattoo by hand under lukewarm water, avoiding scented soaps and patting it gently to dry it. Stick and poke patterns are just as attractive and have a similar appearance to traditional tattoos. Leave the bandage off with the skin open to air whenever you can. Tattoo design, equipment and sterilisation, stencils, tattoo technique and aftercare. Photography by Matt Martin. When you do, choose as small design, such a small line, a simple star, an initial, a crescent, a heart or similar. It is best to select a coil or rotary machine to keep things simple. Tattoo Finger. clouds) shares in her video, she decided to give herself a new tattoo - hand-poked of course. The atmosphere when getting a stick and poke tattoo is completely different. 1. Tattoo artists use two basic tools: a bone-tipped rake and a striking stick. Dip the needle tip in the ink and ensure that it is not dripping. How to do a stick and poke tattoo l 5-MINUTE CRAFTSHave you ever wondered how to do a stick and poke tattoo safely? This easy how-to video will show you how. The Bloodline stick and. Stick-and-poke tattoos are a form of, as we mentioned, machine-free, non-electric tattooing. DIY tattoos focus. Of course, there are several factors that will affect how well your ink ages, but if performed properly, your stick and poke should last as long as any other tattoo. . I recently went into a tattoo shop for the first time and was speaking to a woman who worked there about stick and pokes and I showed her mine and my husbands which I did both of. com Learn about the handpoke tattoo tools, setup, hygiene standards, aftercare and pricing in this free online course. The. Salabrasion doesn't do anything but leave a scar and take bits and pieces away. Although the majority of machine tattoos are complex, stick and poke tattoos are usually small and simple. 10. poke and stick tattoo kit -29pc kit ink-needles-ink caps-transfer paper Handpoke Set, Handpoking Starter Kit, 500+ tattoo design included (2. 1. Stick and poke tattoos last around 2-5 years, fading steadily with time according to tattoo artists. Amazing artists. The Solong Professional Tattoo Hand Poke and Stick Tattoo Kit DIY Tattoo Poke Pen Set with Tattoo Supply Ink Gloves 20PCS Tattoo Needles Tattoo Supplies GK803TI302-1-US is the perfect choice for beginners, learners, and tattoo artists alike. When the same spot is gone over multiple times, the ink will stay. Hard to believe that Cate, Brianna and Brandon are stick. Stick and poke tattoos, for those who need a refresher, involved dipping a needle in ink before inserting it into your skin repeatedly. Preparing the Skin. Top 10 Best Stick And Poke Tattoo Near Austin, Texas. You poke the. Preparation of the design table; History of the process; Different tattooing techniques; How to do a hand poked/ stick and poke tattooAnd of course, all the usual tattoo factors apply. 7. A Definitive Guide to Stick-and-Poke Tattoos. Tattoos that are applied with sticks and needles typically fade over time. Top 10 Best Hand Poke Tattoo in Los Angeles, CA - November 2023 - Yelp - Oak & Poppy Tattoos And Piercings, Alchemy Tattoo, The Honorable Society Tattoo Parlour & Lounge, Domino Tattoos - Stick and Poke Tattoos, RicRoks Tattoos, Del Rey Tattoo, Shamrock Social Club, Timeless Tattoo & Piercing. Of course, how quickly it will heal will depend on a few factors, such as how big the tattoo is, how well you take care of it, and your healing process. Getting your feet wet in the world . Monica Vinader. Learn stick and poke tattooing from scratch / Fundamentals and traditional techniques to start. stick and poke part 2. 13. Once mainly popular among prisoners, homemade “stick and poke” tattoos have become mainstream—especially among teenagers. Salabrasion. Stick-and-poke tattoos are essentially the OGs of body modification. You will need sterilized latex gloves and single-use tattoo needles, ink cups, tattoo ink, paper towels. 5 (198 ratings) 750 students. The artist disinfects the skin. Prepare the working area and the skin area. Keep rubbing for 30 minutes to remove the upper layer of the skin. When that happens, your tattoo is going to get shed along with all the dead skin cells. You should always follow specific steps to prevent the transmission of bloodborne pathogens. For example, this small tattoo on the wrist of the wearer has a coffee or tea symbol that is hot and ready to drink. Jun 21, 2020 - Explore Stick and Poke Tattoo®'s board "Stick and Poke Tattoo", followed by 7,867 people on Pinterest. The ink is simply applied to the skin using a needle only. Lip Tattoo Class – Permanent Makeup Complete Course by Hollywood Beauty Academy . 1 May 2018. Tattooing is as human as brushing your teeth. ago. The ink is simply applied to the skin using a needle only. Stick and poke tattoos and machine ones differ entirely in both style, technique, duration, and of course, results. Top-line; while it’s technically possible to use pen ink for a stick-and-poke tattoo, it’s not recommended due to a variety of health and safety risks. 3. On average, it can last between five and ten years, depending on how well you care for it. That being said, many people think that hand poke tattoos actually heal much faster and. SubieB503. Trace or draw your desired tattoo in the place you want it to go. For anyone unfamiliar, hand-poke – also known as stick and poke tattoos – are done by hand only, and not by machine. 54/Count) Typical: $5. Now you can start putting together your needle. The technique used in this method doesn’t need any electricity to apply the ink to the skin. ”. Draw the design on your skin. However, that depends entirely of the pain threshold of each person. The needle is attached to a contraption (imagine a pencil and a thread), creating an analog tattoo machine. Cute Tiny Tattoos. 4. After that, they apply a layer of adhesive to the back of the tattoo and then place it on your skin. Of course, machine tattoos also create dots but. Unless you’re trained in bloodborne pathogens and cross-contamination, you won’t be. Stick and Poke Tattoo Ink Brown 1/2 oz $ 9. Leave the bandage off with the skin open to air whenever you can. REPORT. The ink-dipped rake is pressed against the skin. At Tattify, we recommend always going to a professional tattoo. Cute Little Symbols with Meaning. The manufacturer strives to provide customers with the best product to meet their needs. One is the preserved traditional methods from indigenous and native cultures, and the other is the Do-It-Yourself culture that comes from crafty modern punks. 59 ($5. The tiger is a powerful animal that represents strength and ferocity, complimented by the sacred mantras, this stunning Sak Yant, Stick-and-Poke (also known as a bamboo tattoo in Thailand) will bring its wearer luck and protection. I’d be happy to compensate. Here is your chance to make a bold statement by getting a floral inked on your skin in S & P style. ETERNAL EXPRESSION one of the earliest Tattoo Training Institutes in Bangalore, training artists from across the Subcontinent since 2010. Preparation. This method of tattooing is believed to have originated in Africa, where it was used to mark tribal members and signify their status within the community. Admission to the tribe comes cheap. Stick and poke tattoos can carry some grisly risks, says Cameron Rokhsar, associate clinical professor of dermatology at Mount Sinai Hospital. One poke is one dot. 2. Black Ink. The process can be time-consuming, depending on the size and complexity of the design, and may require multiple sessions to complete. The tattoo represents resilience, and it is the best way to show off love for your feline pal. They’re done by hand instead of machine, and we’re just hooked on the hand-poked,. Some people use regular sewing needles, which are first sterilized using a flame. Method 1: Salabrasion. Jenna Bouma teaches us about stick and poke tattoos #shorts Follow her in Instagram 👉 US. They can be tricky, especially with text or intricate designs, often resulting in a rustic aesthetic. Dab it on with a cotton ball and make sure it's evaporated before continuing. Simply put, the process involves permanently marking the body by repeatedly inserting a needle, by hand, from ink to skin (via Byrdie). (5,300 years old!) was discovered to have 61 tattoos all over his body. Trippy stick and poke tattoos not only look interesting, often using psychedelic images, but they can also have a lot of meaning. The oldest tattoos were found on a mummified man who died in the Italian Alps more than 5300 years ago. Avoid fully submerging the affected area in water (pools, hot tubs) for about 6 weeks until the wound is fully healed. How To Stick And Poke How to go about creating a “stick and poke tattoo” is often down to personal discretion, however many aspects of the hand poke tattooing technique are universal. POKE Tattoo Packs Pty Ltd are the first and only Australian based stick and poke / hand poke tattoo pack + supplies company. Amateur execution also leads to more. Take the needle out of the blister, grab the grip and wrap it around the needle. Draw the design at first with a ballpoint pen. The skin needs to be consistently stretched as you work. . The thigh is one other massive canvas and on the planet of DIY hand-poked ink. not good at shading but i tried lmaoo. Complete professional hand stick poke pen tattoo kit is a good choice for beginners, learners, tatoo artists. Tracing the history of DIY stick-and-poke is impossible. Once the tattoo is finished you will have to clean it properly for the last time with the rubbing alcohol and apply a bandage. Although we are unsure as to when and where hand-poked tattoos were first created, the oldest discovered tattoo was discovered on Ö tzi the iceman and has been dated back to 5,200 BCE; Long before the. But the art of tattooing has always been combined with the culture of ancient populations around the. With stick and poke, professionals literally need to handcraft multiple dots, one at a time. A stick-and-poke kit costs about $10, and you can find it all at Walmart: “India black” calligraphers’ ink, a needle and sewing thread. She is currently based in Bangkok, Thailand, with frequent trips up north to Chiang Mai. Grace Neutral ( Facebook and Instagram ), UK. With the correct technique and products used, stick and pokes should last a long time. Our best Stick & Poke Tattoo Kit coupon code will save you 20%. If your design is especially large or intricate, youre going to feel it more. How to use stick and poke in a sentence. Of course, there are several factors that will affect how well your ink ages, but if performed properly, your stick and poke should last as long as any other tattoo. “At-home stick and poke tattoos are very dangerous, and carry a lot of risks,” says Dr Aragona Giuseppe, general practitioner MD. I am not a professional tattoo artist, I am a self taught stickpokeist who gleaned most of their knowledge from youtube videos and is now contributing back t. Stick and poke tattoos are usually very easy to remove with few treatments. Oct 21, 2022 - Explore RandyBangarang's board "Stick and Poke tattoo ideas" on Pinterest. How to do a hand poked / stick and poke tattoo by Natasha Lawson Udemy Course. k. Stick and poke has been practiced by many cultures. How to do hand poke / stick and poke / machine free tattoos. Take the needle out of the blister, grab the grip and wrap it around the needle. Apply a clean bandage once a day. Stick-and-poke tattoos may have a more organic, hand-drawn look. will most likely do another pass after healed because i didn’t want to overwork it. Topics covered. 6. Sep 4, 2021 - Explore Jakota's board "Stick and poke tattoos" on Pinterest. Early tattoo designs were assumed to symbolize status and were highly revered. Apply a thin layer of tattoo lubricant such as petroleum jelly to the area and let it sit for about 10 minutes. Tattoo Pen Manual Buckle Hand Poke Stick Tattoo Pen Kit, Tattoo Poke and Stick Tattoo Kit, Traditional Tattoo Poke Pen Tattoo Pins Set Tattoo Repairing Cream(02) $5. Consider me scared straight. Neo Traditional Tattooing Course; Tattooing Unlocked eBook; 10-Day Beginners Tattoo Seminar; 2-Week Tattoo Studio Course;. FAQ. The artist applies a stencil of the design to the skin. That’s what I use to sterilize my skin and the needle. Essential Tattoo Course; Graduating Class Pics; Staff. 738 reviews of Studio 21 Tattoo Gallery "Top-notch quality and integrity and a great atmosphere-- a model for how tattoo shops should be! I have. Stencil stays on! The thing you should NEVER do is use the same pen directly on the skin on several people (especially not on not cleaned skin). However, tattoo removal takes much longer than what google tells you. Hand-poke mandala tattoo by Grace Neutral. A hand sized simple line tattoo. HAWINK Hand Tattoo Poke Stick Kit DIY Tattoo Tool Kit with 7 Ink 20 PCS Needles Aluminum Alloy Pen GK-HW801TN01-1. His first worry with the method is infection from an. It’s a longer adrenaline rush. “ Find an experienced artist who knows proper sterilization techniques,” says Dr. Student artists like Lex Ziegler, a fourth-year English major who picked up the medium in early quarantine, loves the art for the connections it creates. Any kind of tattoo, machine or not, will have some bleeding". Of course this is obviously going to be much more hygienic and more accurate than a sharp wooden poker but, it's still a cool. Stick and poke tattoos are growing in popularity. Pen ink is not made for use in the body and can cause issues such as skin irritation, infection, or allergic reactions. Turns out they fade but they’re still permanent. A blood borne pathogen training would be a good place to start. Stick-and-poke tattoos are known for the simple, minimal, and straightforward design. Thor was the most. By Liza Corsillo. Free shipping Orders over $100 Shipping to lower US 48 States (some exception do apply) Fast Fullfilment Orders. His first worry with the method is infection from an. Now, stick-and-poke tattoos are an homage to traditional methods of art. In the 1970s, hand poke tattoos rose in popularity among the punk and underground scene when people. Turn on the tattoo gun and line up the needle with the stencil line. The concept of a stick and poke tattoo might conjure up a scenario with your dirtbag friend (we all have one; it’s one of the things that bonds us together as humans) in a sketchy apartment. Stick-and-poke tattoos are done completely by hand, created through a constellation of dots that ultimately converge into lines, explains Jane Romm, a hand-poke tattoo artist and owner of Plain. If they did tattoos in ancient Palestine, Jesus would get one, for sure, along with all the disciples. Much like getting a traditional tattoo, handpoke tattoos use needles to impart the design on the skin. “A friend of mine was doing them out of her bedroom with sewing needles. It is a tedious, time-consuming process and often produces art with a hand-drawn look. ” (Clementine Curtis). Tattooing came naturally and she. The delicate design definitely has a different look to it. All of these supplies can be found in the art room of a high school or any arts & crafts store. Homemade tattoos are quieter, often less painful, and generally far more of a relaxing experience than machine ones. According to research published in the journal Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, evidence of stick-and. When piercing the skin, the dip needle is usually at a 45-degree angle – although there is no hard. Tattoo Artist. Tracing the history of DIY stick-and-poke is impossible. Stick and Poke Tattoo Ink Pink 1/2 oz $ 9. Learn it right: From a Professional Hand Poker - Stick and Poke Tattoo Kit. A stick and poke tattoo will typically appear very faded and washed out after this amount of time. Learn stick and poke tattooing from scratch / Fundamentals and traditional techniques to start. Answer: Stick and Poke tattoos are easy to remove. Sharpie permanent. Great for parties, birthdays, and showing your unique style. Head to to pick your own. 2. Published on 9/16/2020 at 6:35 PM. In this course, I will cover all you need to know to be able to do your very own hand poked tattoo. Stick-and-poke tattoos are a form of non-electric tattooing—that is to say, there’s no tattoo machine used. 1. And, of course, always go to a professional for more questions and a tattoo appointment. See more ideas about stick and poke, tattoos, poke tattoo. A6 Stencil Paper for Stick and Poke Tattoo + Custom Design $ 19. These include personal physiology, pain tolerance, the technique of the tattoo artist, etc. Fortunately, relevant certified training is accessible online and can be completed cheaply within a few hours. We are a group of designers on a mission to democratize the art of tattooing, and we've spent years designing and testing the world's best stick and poke tattoo kit. Yes, most stick and pokes look terrible, but if you are going to do it then at least educate yourself and do it safely. FREE shipping Add to Favorites Flowers Themed Hand Poke Tattoo Flash Sheet & Stencil. This tattoo is also believed to bring protection and luck, and it can be a great stick and poke tattoo for all those who like unusual animals. In conclusion, the longevity of stick and poke tattoos varies greatly. Imagine getting a tattoo without a tattoo gun. Step 3: Purchase A Low-cost Tattoo Machine. Following that, it is whacked with the stick, causing the skin to be punctured. For a basic design, start at the top and work down so you can keep an eye. Specialties: We are a queer woman-of-color owned all womxn/femme staff tattoo studio, located in the heart of North Oakland. This content can also be viewed on the site it originates from. stick and poke tutorial ideas and how tointro music:(prod. Southside Tattoo. floral stick and poke tattoo. Topics covered. Today’s episode is sponsored by Inkbox, who makes realistic-looking temporary tattoos that last 1-2 weeks. Riskier and less sanitary than professionally done tattoos. You should use needles that have never been used before. It’s similar to how some people still collect vinyl records when they can. Floral patterns. There is a higher risk of allergic reactions, infections, and transmission of bloodborne pathogens. If you hire an unskilled or novice tattoo artist, the lifespan is limited to five years at the most. 5 millimeters, but not enough pressure to get through the whole skin. Equipment and where to get it. Stick N Poke Tattoo. Stick and poke tattoos, also known as machine free tattoos or hand poked tattoos, have been around for thousands of years but there has recently been a surge of popularity and very little information online about how to do them well. Clean, non-sketchy. ” more. This ancient method was once how jailbirds did their. Next, it’s important to stretch the skin over the tattoo area. They could get matching stick-and-pokes. 34 Stick and Poke Tattoo Ideas. The ink is deposited to the second layer of the skin in the same way and, if not taken care of, can fade just the same too. (Via @ruffenough) ) The needle pokes into your skin, piercing it so the tattoo drips into your flesh. This simple, clean flower makes a fresh statement. Instead of applying a stencil, she uses a sterile marker and pen to draw on the. The Tattoo Kit Tattoo Pen Kit Poke a Stick Tattoo Hand Tool Kit with Ink 10 PCS Needles is a high-quality product that meets the professional industry supply standards in the USA. The one I knew in PDX who worked in a shop moved to the UK. Course description. What this means is that they will heal faster and. Machine Tattoo. added to my arm sleeve :p not the best but i think she’s cool for the most part (7rl,5rl) 1 / 2. Participation in Tattoo Events: National and International Tattoo Conventions. Easy to apply and remove - just stick for 20 seconds then take off. Learn from Ruby Jae, a local professional hand poke tattoo artist. 99 Read more. See more ideas about poke tattoo, stick n poke tattoo, small tattoos. Hoffman said that among other things, she uses a mix of distilled water with witch hazel or green soap, a. Do not poke too deep in the skin. Since social media has undoubtedly changed the landscape of non-electric tattooing, we spoke to three of Instagram’s popular tattoo artists for an expert’s guide to stick-and-pokes. Put all of the materials on this surface and keep the empty box close so you can dispose of trash quickly. As a self-taught artist, she. Step one in doing a hand poked or stick and poke tattoo is to make sure you have all the necessary equipment. On average, a hand-poked tattoo can last anywhere between 5 and 10 years, if you’re lucky. 442 likes · 14 talking about this · 323 were here. Nitrile Gloves For Stick and Poke Tattoo (Pack of 5) $ 14. Avoid Sun Exposure: Sun exposure can cause your tattoo to fade and lose its color. However, instead of using an electric-powered tattoo gun, the tattoo needle is powered by only the hand. 6. Tattoo your favorite little bug on your body and you'll never be alone. The best stick and poke tattoo inspiration this week of June 24th, 2018. Expert tattooing in the heart of Porto downtown. One is the preserved traditional methods from indigenous and native cultures, and the other is the Do-It-Yourself culture that comes from crafty modern punks. This lightweight, easy-to-carry kit contains all the essentials needed to practice the. A tattoo machine can often produce better results for those wanting a full-color design that veers towards the side of realism. Otzi the Oldest Tattooed Man. I recommend this to all who wanna make stick and pokes. Stick And Poke. stick and poke is a tattoo studio based in ottawa, ontario. The aftercare also impacts the longevity of hand-poked tattoos. It is best to avoid direct sunlight for the first few weeks after getting a stick and poke tattoo. The artist draws the design with his hand by poking it dot by dot with the pen on the skin. They all meet the essential requirements while maintaining their individuality. As tattoo artist Sydney Smith told PopSugar, "Essentially, people have been opting for small tattoos that can be placed together to form a larger cohesive design or can be stand-alone pieces that complement each other. “If you use the wrong ink or do not sanitise the needle correctly, you can get an ink poisoning. 1 Wash your hands with water and soap. A non. Trippy. “Another common theme we noticed is that women are traditionally more involved in. You will need sanding powder and sandpaper or a piece of cloth. 2. Ink sits more superficially in skin without professional equipment. Thankfully, Londoners are spoiled for choice when it comes to jewellery shops and piercing studios. 1. Get your 10-year-old sister to draw you something, it will be the perfect kitchen tattoo. [deleted] • 3 yr. a. And although stick and poke tattoos derive from the DIY scene, it's best to seek out a professional for the safest and most sanitary tattoo session. This is the last and most important step, especially the first week afterwards, for determining how your tattoo will look for the rest of it’s life. Stick and poke tattoos have a unique ability to create a freckled or brush-like appearance on the skin. By Sarah March. After a fresh stick and poke tattoo, try to avoid: shaving the area, going under any kind of water (whether that’s the sea, a swimming pool or hot tub), leaving the dressing on for too long and petsStick and poke patterns are just as attractive and have a similar appearance to traditional tattoos. Limit sun exposure and always apply a high SPF sunscreen to your tattoo when in the sun. Express your unique style and personality. August 15, 2021 / Lifestyle / By Andrew Kreeger. Floral designs are most popular among women, but due to their versatility, even men can be seen flaunting a floral pattern on their body ghostwriting. It is an act of rebellion, a protest against mainstream society and social expectations. We are passionate about providing the highest quality utensils, materials and information from some of the most trusted and regarded brands in the business. Youre also more likely to feel pain if its on certain body parts where the bone is close to your skin . Here's What You Need to Know. 2 Prepare the area and the tools youll need for your stick and poke tattoo. After a fresh stick and poke tattoo, try to avoid: shaving the area, going under any kind of water (whether that’s the sea, a swimming pool or hot tub), leaving the dressing on for too long and petsWithout laying anything else out first, the average duration of a stick and poke tattoo is about 5 to 7 years. Prepare everything beforehand and don't go running for some paper towels in the middle of tattooing. Understanding Tattoo Needle Codes Elements - Diameter: The first number on a needle code always. What is Hand poke TattooING and WHERE DOES IT ORIGINATE? Hand poke – also known as stick and poke – tattoos are the oldest known form of tattoos, created before the electric machines. In this article, we will. By Danielle Jackson. Author Team Beauty Mag Last Updated March 23, 2021 Piercings & Tattoos A stick and poke is a unique non-electric technique performed without a tattoo. According to Tattoodo, an online tattoo community including educational resources and a global tattoo booking platform, tebori was inspired by the carving of images into wood, dipping them in. A European Tyrolean Iceman buried around 3250 B. Tip: A little trick that experts use is the use of a mixture of green soap and. Stick and Poke Tattoo Ink. 5.